Overview
Colchester Town stands as present day Fairfax County’s oldest chartered settlement, being established in 1753 along the Occoquan River. During the 18th century, it flourished as a vital commercial port centered on tobacco export. However, a devastating fire and shifting trade routes toward Alexandria caused the town to rapidly decline in the early 19th century.
Because the site remained largely undeveloped afterwards, centuries of history were left undisturbed. Since 2010, the Colchester Archaeological Research Team (CART) has excavated 10 sub-sites, unearthing 18th century dwellings and enslaved quarters that offer invaluable insights into early American life.
The most preserved part of the town is Fairfax Arms, one of the town's only surviving original structures. Built as a tavern, this modest one-and-a-half-story building showcases authentic brickwork, six original fireplaces, and remarkable timber-truss engineering.
The broader Colchester Town Archaeological Site is currently listed on the Fairfax County Inventory and has been nominated for National Register status. Meanwhile, Fairfax Arms is on the Fairfax County Inventory of Historic Sites, the Virginia Landmarks Register, and the National Register of Historic Places.
Era: Colonial
Location: Area IV
Information Sheet
List of Sources
